1. Background
Considering the fact that currently over 40% of the energy consumption in the world is assigned to buildings, there is a tendency to achieve high-performance buildings. In this project, I plan to find a design process for building shading optimization design.
2. Building Original Shadings
2.1 Building Mass
I used the "rectangle" and "box" commands to build the building mass, which is controlled by three sliders. And then, use the "item list" command to divide glaze, walls, floor, and ceiling (shown in Figure 2 and 3).
Figure 1: Building Mass Grasshopper Commands
Figure 2: Building Box
2.2 Points on Surface
I used the "surface divide" command to find the points on Glaze surface. These points are original points (shown in Figure 3).
Figure 3: Point on Glaze Surface
2.3 Shadings
Based on these points, I used data structures to form the curves; and then used the "Sweep 1" command to build the shading devices (shown in Figure 4 and 5).
Figure 4: Shading Commands
Figure 5: Shadings on Facade
3 Building Shading Optimal Design
In order to find the better shading design, I used the "Repulsion Interference" idea to redesign the shading.
3.1 Interference Force
I used the "Population 2D" command to get several random points on the glaze surface, which are controlled by the number of interference point slider and position slider. Based on these points, I defined some circles. The radiuses of these circles are controlled by the Radius Min and Max, Radius Position, and Radius Factor sliders. Thus, the points are the interference center, and the radiuses are the power to interference the design of shading (shown in Figure 6 and 7).
Figure 6: Interference Force Idea
Figure 5: The Center and Power of the Interference
3.2 Python Script of Interference the movement of the original points on surface
Based on the repulsive interference idea (shown in Figure 8), I wrote the python script that shown in Figure 9 and 10.
Figure 8: Interference Idea
Figure 9: Python Script
Figure 10: Python Commend
3.3 New Shading
From the python output, I got a range of new points (shown in Figure 11). We can see that the points were interfered by the circles.
Figure 11: New Points
Based on these new points, I used the "Sweep" command to form the new shading (shown in Figure 12).
Figure 12: New Shadings
4. Daylight Performance IndicatorsUDI
Useful Daylighting Illuminance is daylight illuminance levels that are founded on hourly meteorological data for a period of a full year. This metric bins hourly time values based upon three illumination ranges, 0-100 lux, 100-2000 lux, and over 2000 lux.
The UDI paradigm informs not only on useful levels of daylight illuminance, but also on the propensity for excessive levels of daylight that are associated with occupant discomfort and unwanted solar gain.
Thus, in this project, I will use UDI as an indicator to improve the shading design.
5. DIVA
In DIVA calculator, there are three output about UDI: UDI 100-2000, UDI<100, and UDI>2000 (Shown in Figure 13). In this project, I used the UDI 100-2000 as the fitness input.
Figure 13: DIVA Calculator
I connected all the walls, glaze, floor, ceiling and shading with the DIVA (shown in Figure 14).
Figure 14: DIVA
The analysis nodes shown in the Figure 15. There are 80 nodes.
Figure 15: DIVA Analysis Nodes
Calculator the Results:
The results showed in the figure 16. Each node showed the percentage of daylight hours obtain UDI in a year (Figure 16).By the average command, we can see that floor received UDI average of 67.6% of the year.
Figure 16: UDI Value
Figure 17: UDI Graph
Figure 18: UDI Average
6. Optimization
I used the Galapagos command to get the optimal shading design. I set the average UDI as the fitness input, and the interference point number, position, and radius as the genetic inputs.
First, I plan use Dynamo to rebuild the model of Project 1. Second, I will build the dynamic shading which shapes can be changed by Dynamo and Sun Path. And test how to change the angle of dynamic shading devices to control the direct sunlight.
2. Building Mass on Dynamo
2.1 Outline Curves
I built three curves in Revit, and then, transfer these curves into Dynamo by "Select Model Element" command. This process shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Transferring Curves from Revit to Dynamo
2.2 Point on Line
First, I built a range of points along Z axis. And then based on these point built several planes. Finally, the use of intersection commend found the adaptive points on curves. This process shown in Figure 2, 3.
Figure 2: Dynamo Command for points on curve
Figure 3: Adaptive points on curves
2.3 The use of family build the floors.
I built the family_Plan controlled by three adaptive points in Revit, which shown in Figure 4.
Figure 4: Family_Plan
The "family types" command could load the plan family into the Dynamo. Based on the adaptive points, this family can be applied to form the floors. This process shown in Figure 5,6.
Figure 5: Load family into Dynamo
Figure 6: Floors
2.4 Building facade.
I used the "Surface By Loft" command to form the surface, and then used the UV Quads command to find the adaptive points on surface.The number of adaptive points can be controlled by integer sliders. That process shown in Figure 7 and 8.
Figure 7: Dynamo about how to build building surface curtain
Figure 8: Adaptive points on surface
I built the family_curtain for building facade curtain. The family frame can be controlled by U_Grid and V_Grid. It shown in Figure 9.
Figure 9: Family_Curtain
And then apply this family into facades based on the adaptive points, it shown in Figure 10.
Figure 10: Building Curtain
3. Dynamic shading
3.1 Shading Family
I built the shading family that controlled by the Rotation_Top, Rotation_Center, and Rotation bottom parameters. It shows in Figure 11. When the Rotation_Top=Center =bottom=0, the shading shape shows like Figure 12. When the Rotation_Top=bottom=90, and Rotation Center=0, it shows like the Figure 13.
3.2 Loading the shading family into building facades.
The use of family types and surface adaptive points apply the shading family on building facades. This process shows in Figure 14 and Figure 15.
Figure 14: Shading Command on Dynamo
Figure 15:Shading Devices
3.3 Shading shape changes by rotation angle
I use the "Set Parameter by Name" command to change the parameters on family. The integer slider is use for controlling the shading rotation angle. It shows in Figure 16 and 17.
Figure 16: Shading shape control sliders
Figure 17: Shadings
4. Change shading shape with the Sun Path
4.1 The shading open and close
There is an angle between panel normal and sun direction. When the angle is close to 90 degree, the shading will open (shown in Figure 18).
Figure 18: Shading Open
When the angle between panel normal and sun direction is close 0, the shading will close (Shown in Figure 19).
Figure 19: Shading Close
4.2 Find the panel normal vector.
Based on the surface adaptive points, I found the panel normal vectors. The Figure 20 shown the process how to find the panel normal vectors.
Figure 20: Panel Normal Direction Process
Figure 21: Panel Normal Directions
4.3 Sun Direction
I found the sun direction by sun setting command in dynamo,which shown in Figure 22.
Figure 22: Sun Position Setting
Figure 23: Sun Direction
4.4 The angle between sun direction and panel normal direction
The use of the angle between vectors command to find the angle between sun and panel normal directions.(Shown in Figure 24)
Figure 24: Angles between sun direction and panel normal direction
I set these angles as the input to control the shading rotation.(Shown in Figure 25)
Figure 25: Angle Control the Shading shape
4.5, Sun Position with the shading changes
If I changed the sun position, the shading angle will change(Shown in Figure 26).
Parametric Design
of Major Cultural Center in Albania
1.Background
These buildings are designed by BIG, it is a 27,000 m2 cultural complex in Albania, consisting of a Mosque, an Islamic Center, and a Museum of Religious Harmony.
Fig
1 Major Cultural Center in Albania
2.Analysis of the Geometry
Fig.2 The
Concept of Original Building Box
The original shape of these three buildings is quadrangle boxes. One of these building was twisted from bottom to top. Other two was subtracted by a model.
Fig 3 The Transformation
of the Building Shape
3.Parametric Mass Generation.
I built this mass by using a Conceptual Mass Family. I used the reference points to build the reference lines. And these reference lines could be changed by moving the position of points. I copied these reference points and lines to other levels in order to get the mass structure.
Fig 4
Reference Points
Fig 5 Four
Levels of Reference Lines
By moving the reference points, I could get any shape I want. And then, use the “create form” command to build the shape.
Fig 6 The
Changes of the Moving Points
Fig 7 Building
Mass
I set a parameter of height. If I change the height value, the building shapes will be changed.
Fig 8 The
Parametric Setting of Height
Fig 9 Height=10
ft
Fig 10 Height=20
ft
Fig 11 Height=30
ft
4.Curtain Panel:
From the following image, we could see that: the windows are not in the same row. These pattern like the chess board, but not exactly the same pattern.
Fig 12 The facade
pattern
4.1, In order to build these window patterns, I selected the 1/2 step curtain pattern. And then open a window controlled by the offset parameters “F”.
Fig 13 The 1/2 Step Curtain Pattern
Fig 14 The Parameter
Setting of the Curtain Pattern
Fig 15 The Finally
Shape Of The Curtain Pattern
4.2, Form figure 14,
I set the panel with materials: glasses and wall.
